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Emotion, the Journal
about 14 years ago
An emotional experience can last for only a couple of seconds up to several hours or even longer. In the present study, we examine to which extent covert intrapersonal actions (cognitions both related and unrelated to the emotion-eliciting stimulus) as well as overt interpersonal actions (social sharing) account for this variability in emotion duration. Participants were asked to report the duration of their anger, sadness, joy, and gratitude episodes on a daily basis during five days. Furthermore, information was collected with regard to their cognitions during the episodes and their social sharing behavior. Discrete-time survival analyses revealed that for three of the four emotions under study, stimulus-related cognitions with the same valence as the emotion lead to a prolongation of the episode; in contrast, both stimulus-related and stimulus-unrelated cognitions with a valence opposite to the emotion lead to a shortening. Finally, for the four emotions under study, social sharing was associated with a prolongation. The findings are discussed in terms of a possible process basis underlying the time dynamics of negative as well as positive emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Verduyn, Philippe; Van Mechelen, Iven; Tuerlinckx, Francis
about 14 years ago
Using an auditory adaptation of the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks, the authors compared the effects of negative and taboo spoken words in mixed and blocked designs. Both types of words elicited carryover effects with mixed presentations and interference with blocked presentations, suggesting similar long-lasting attentional effects. Both were also relatively resilient to the long-lasting influence of the preceding emotional word. Hence, contrary to what has been assumed (Schmidt & Saari, 2007), negative and taboo words do not seem to differ in terms of the temporal dynamics of the interdimensional shifting, at least in the auditory modality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Bertels, Julie; Kolinsky, Régine; Pietrons, Elise; Morais, José
about 14 years ago
We examine the conditions under which the distinct positive emotions of hope versus pride facilitate more or less fluid cognitive processing. Using individuals' naturally occurring time of day preferences (i.e., morning vs. evening hours), we show that specific positive emotions can differentially influence processing resources. We argue that specific positive emotions are more likely to influence processing and behavior during nonoptimal times of day, when association-based processing is more likely. We show in three experiments that hope, pride, and a neutral state differentially influence fluid processing on cognitive tasks. Incidental hope facilitates fluid processing during nonoptimal times of day (compared with pride and neutral), improving performance on tasks requiring fluid intelligence (Experiment 1) and increasing valuation estimates on tasks requiring that preferences be constructed on the spot (Experiments 2 and 3). We also provide evidence that these differences in preference and valuation occur through a process of increased imagination (Experiment 3). We contribute to emotion theory by showing that different positive emotions have different implications for processing during nonoptimal times of day. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Cavanaugh, Lisa A.; Cutright, Keisha M.; Luce, Mary Frances; Bettman, James R.
about 14 years ago
We examined relationships among individual differences in trait emotions and the emotion-modulated startle-eyeblink response. In particular, we examined the extent to which trait anger, which is negative in valence, would be associated with a pattern of approach motivation in startle eyeblink responses to appetitive stimuli. Self-reported trait emotions were compared with emotion-modulated startle eyeblink responses to auditory probes during appetitive, aversive, and neutral pictures. Results revealed that trait anger, enjoyment, and surprise were each associated with greater blink inhibition to appetitive pictures, indicating an approach motivational response. No other trait emotions were associated with startle eyeblink responses to appetitive or aversive pictures. These results support the idea that trait anger, although experienced as a negative emotion, is associated with an approach-related motivational response to appetitive stimuli at basic, reflexive levels of processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Amodio, David M.; Harmon-Jones, Eddie
about 14 years ago
We proposed that expressing gratitude would increase positive perception of a relationship partner, thereby increasing comfort in expressing relationship concerns, which is a form of relationship maintenance. Study 1 (n = 159) showed a relationship between naturally occurring expressions of gratitude and comfort in voicing relationship concerns. Study 2 (n = 178) provided longitudinal evidence for direction of effects because Time 1 gratitude expression predicted Time 2 comfort in voicing relationship concerns, controlling for baseline comfort in voicing relationship concerns. Study 3 (n = 225) showed that expressing gratitude to a friend did increase voicing relationship concerns, compared with positive thought and neutral control conditions. In Study 4 (n = 74), we explored the mechanism through a longitudinal, experimental design and found that participants assigned to express gratitude reported higher comfort voicing concerns and more positive perception of partner than did control participants. Moreover, positive perception of partner mediated the relationship between condition and comfort in voicing relationship concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Lambert, Nathaniel M.; Fincham, Frank D.
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Wednesday
Feb182015

Stress=Pollution

We just love this graphic from our friends at Healthline. Looking at all of the documented impact stress has on the body puts us in the mood to meditate! Find Healthline's more detailed description of the stress-body connection here. Read iwellville's story about the stress-pregnancy connection here.

 

The Effects of Stress on the Body

Tuesday
Jun182013

Meditation Increases the "Value of Calm"

If for no other reason, we love elegance in a study. That's why we're making note of this recent paper from the Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Culture and Emotion Lab, which offers insight into the minds and emotions of regular meditators.  

Most studies of meditation focus on how meditators feel, but Birgit Koopman-Holms Ph.D. and her colleagues ingeniously decided to focus their study on "how people ideally want to feel."

Predictably, meditators ideally wanted to feel calm more and excited less than non-meditators, but the groups did not differ in their actual experience of calm or excited states.

Things really got interesting when the researchers probed participants' values. After eight weeks, meditators valued calm more than non-meditators even though they did not differ in their actual experience of calm compared with the other groups.

In short, meditation altered people's priorities--with greater value placed on being calm--more than it did their actual experience of the world.

If thoughts do become reality, though, greater calm should follow greater valueing of calm.....grasshopper.

Monday
Jan142013

In A New Study, Mindfulness Meditation Prevents Pneumonia

A new study that illustrates meditation's apparent ability to help prevent chest infections is a Godsend at this time of year. A small epidemic of non-flu acute respiratory infections--otherwise known as wicked coughs--has cropped up to make this flu season more miserable than usual. Until now, preventive strategies have been limited to not smoking, washing hands, avoiding sick people and staying well nourished. Now you can add meditation, and light exercise, to that list.

In a clever study--published this past summer in the Annals of Family Medicine by researchers at the University of Wisconsin--scientists found that people who participated in a mindfulness meditation program based on the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn missed an impressive 76% fewer days of work for acute respiratory infections (such as pneumonia) than people who did not meditate.

Another experimental group, who exercised lightly (mostly brisk walking or jogging for 45 minutes a day), missed 48% fewer days than the control group, who neither exercised or meditated.

In as much as exercise also reduces stress, it's possible the same mechanisms were at play for both groups. A series of previous studies demonstrated that perceived stress, negative emotion, and lack of social support predicted not only self-reported acute respiratory infection, but also its biomarkers such as viral shedding and inflammatory cytokine activity.

For this study, the meditators learned a form of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction based on Kabat-Zinn's work showing that increased awareness of physical, emotional and cognitive manifestations of stress may lead to a healthier mind-body response to stress. "Mindfulness" was defined as "a state of non-judgmental awareness, a heightened sensitivity to bodily sensation, and attention to one's own thoughts and emotions." Taught by Kabat-Zinn-trained practitioners, the course required two and a half hours of group instruction and 45 minutes of daily at-home practice. It was a commitment, but one that paid-off with increased productivity and better health.

Researchers did not create an uber-group that both exercised and meditated...but imagine the possibilities!

View "Guided Mindfulness Meditation", an audio CD from Jon Kabat-Zinn.

Get Mindfulness for Beginners by Jon Kabat-Zinn.

Wednesday
Dec052012

Listening May Bring More Power Than Talking

from scientificamerican.com

We tend to think of smooth talkers as having the most influence on others. Although the gift of gab is indeed important, being a good listener provides even more of an advantage, according to new research.

In a study from the June Journal of Research in Personality, former work colleagues rated participants on measures of influence, verbal expression and listening behavior. Results indicate that good listening skills had a stronger effect on the ratings of influence than talking did.

read  the rest of the story at scientificamerican.com

Thursday
Jun142012

New Study: Letting Go of Regrets Key to Happy Old Age

Happy Aging; No RegretsIn a new paper published in Science, researchers from the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Hamburg, Germany, report evidence from two experiments which suggest that one key to aging well might involve learning to let go of regrets about missed opportunities. Stafanie Brassen and her colleagues looked at how healthy young participants (mean age: 25.4 years), healthy older participants (65.8 years), and older participants who had developed depression for the first time later in life (65.6 years) dealt with regret, and found that the young and older depressed patients seemed to hold on to regrets about missed opportunities while the healthy older participants seemed to let them go.

Read more about regrets and healthy aging at scientificamerican.com